Category Archives: Basic & General

Muscle Relaxation

Core principles of muscle relaxation:

  • Non-doing: you can’t do muscle relaxation. It is a ceasing of doing. A ceasing of effort.
  • There is always a deeper level of relaxation (people underestimate how much they can relax)

Here is a recording of muscle relaxation skills training:

Muscle Relaxation Recording (English) 

It starts around 6 seconds later. Basically you will be asked to tense various muscle groups in turn, then relax them as deeply as possible.

In general only a few practice of this would be sufficient to develop awareness of muscle tension during the day, then you can just use the cue words (in the recording) to relax any muscle group during exhalation any time of the day, anywhere once you notice the tension. This means that you will not need this guided audio in the long run.

识别自杀的预警信号

自杀预警信号量表(临床应用)

  • 过去自杀企图(Previous suicidal attempts):包括家庭成员的自杀史,将显示对方可能熟悉把自杀当成解决问题的方式。(10分)
  • 家庭精神问题史,或目前有精神问题的诊断(包括人格障碍,含或不含自残行为)。(9分)
  • 毒品或物质滥用史(毒品和酒精可以使一个人失去理性,也可以被用来压抑情绪)。(8分)
  • 抑郁,对未来感到绝望、无助。(7分)
  • 童年遭受虐待或严重创伤。(6分)
  • 孤立自己、疏远其他人,与家人没有建立良好关系、没有联系。(5分)
  • 最近经历丧生或丧失,分离、离婚、失恋。(4分)
  • 患有危及生命的疾病或慢性身体疾病(如,癌症、艾滋、老人痴呆症等)。(3分)
  • 经济问题。(2分)
  • 失业。(1分)

把所有分数加起来,超过9分显示自杀的可能性,这时候要确保和对方明确的讨论自杀的念头,以及是否已经有计划。

重要贴士:

  • 很多人把“讨论自杀”视为禁忌,但是问对方“你是否有自杀念头”并不会使对方更想自杀。相反的,坦诚真心地一起讨论反而会使对方觉得自己被理解、自己其实并不孤独。
  • 可以用一些比较开放式的问题,比如“你对未来有什么想法?”,对方可能比较间接地说“我希望我可以这一觉睡下去再也不会醒来”,或直接地“我想死”。
  • 注意对方对未来或目前的情况(尤其困境)的无助感、绝望感、悲观想法。
  • 注意一些非言语的信号,比如把个人财物托付给别人,或安排身后事。
  • 无论任何时候,只要对方提起自杀,都请认真对待。
  • 自杀的念头与自杀的计划并不同。很多人在一生当中都会想过“自杀”,但是并不打算付诸行动。同样地,可以问对方,“你是否有计划怎么去进行?”,一旦发现对方有了计划(比如,想好了以什么形式比较快捷不疼痛,或把孩子送去妈妈家后独处时容易怎么做等),务必着手处理(必要时报警、送院让他留院接受治疗)。
  • 如果对方曾经企图自杀,这会是显示他将来可能再做出类似行为的最重要信号。

 

请珍惜生命,给自己一个重生的机会。若有困扰可联系:

心灵扶助协会 (The Befrienders)
热线:03-7956 8144/ 03-7956 8145
www.befrienders.org.my

马来西亚生命线协会 (Life Line Association Malaysia)
热线 :03-4265 7995
http://lifeline.org.my/cn/

马来西亚博爱辅导中心 (Agape Counselling Center Malaysia)
热线: 03-7785 5955 / 03-7781 0800
http://www.agape.org.my

一个真实的故事

女儿 Candace 打电话来的时候,Wilma 正在打扫客厅。他们一家住在加拿大的Winnepeg, Manitoba. 那是十一月,外头的天气很冷。Candace那年13岁,正和一个男同学聊完天,想问妈妈可不可以来学校载她回家。Wilma 想了想,他们家只有一辆车,一个小时后她得去接先生Cliff 下班,家里还有两个孩子,一个两岁一个九岁。她必须为他们准备出门,去接Candace,再去接先生。那会是和三个饿坏的小孩一起呆的一个小时。Candace已经13岁了,不是小孩了,她可以乘搭巴士回家。所以确认了Candace有足够的零钱乘搭巴士后,Wilma 继续打扫。

忙了一阵子后,Wilma 突然觉得有点不对劲,她看了看时钟,发现Candace早该到家了。外面开始下雪了。她开始不停往外张望,看看Candace是不是要回到家了。过了一阵子,也到了接先生Cliff的时间,她打理了两个孩子上车,沿路慢驶,看看是不是会遇上Candace正回家。她也驶到学校,大门已经上锁。接了Cliff后,他们回家,在附近寻找,然后逐个联络Candace的朋友,下午以后就没有人见到她了。Wilma去找那个男同学,他最后看见她往巴士站的方向走。夫妻俩只好报警。他们成立了搜寻小组,也四处张贴海报。他们祈祷、他们哭泣、他们无法入眠。七个星期后,警察联络他们,Candace的尸体被寻获。手脚被捆绑着,冻死的。

那天下午家里聚了不少亲戚和朋友,一直到晚上10时,只剩下几个最亲密的朋友。这时门铃响起,一个陌生人站在门口,“我也是一个孩子被谋杀的父亲”。这男士大约五十几岁,他的女儿几年前在甜甜圈店被杀,在这小地方也是有名的案件,嫌疑犯Thomas Sophonow 被逮捕并审讯诉讼三次,他坐了四年牢,又被上述庭放了出来。屋里的每个人围着桌子,听着男士细述整个过程,他有本小簿子,记录了每个细节,包括他因此而花的单据也整齐排列其中。他也说起Sophonow,说起司法的不公。这整个过程毁了他,也毁了他的家庭。他无法继续工作,健康很糟糕,吃着很多药。虽然他没有直接说起他和太太,但是言词间也透露他们的关系似乎已经是过去式。关于他的女儿,他没说得太多,反而都在说努力寻求公平公正的过程和想法。到最后午夜以前,他临走前说,“我把这一切告诉你们,是要让你们知道,前方有些什么在等着你们。”

我把这一切告诉你们,是要让你们知道,前方有些什么在等着你们。

对Wilma 和 Cliff 而言,男子所说的并不是预言,而是一个警示,那有可能就是他们的未来。他们可能因为女儿遭谋杀而失去健康,失去理智,失去彼此,失去这个家。因为男子的到访和分享,强迫他们去考虑其他的选择,寻找一条不一样的路。隔天就是Candace的葬礼,过后他们同意召开记者会。Candace的遭遇引起了整个城市的注意,几乎所有报章媒体都出席了。

“你们对残害Candace的人有什么感受?”一名记者问。

“我们想要知道这个人、或这群人是谁,好让我们可以分享一些爱,给这些生命里似乎缺乏爱的人” Cliff 说。

“我们的目的是要找到Candace,而我们已经找到了。我不能说此时此刻我能原谅这个人” Wilma继续说到,强调的是此时此刻,并继续说“每个人一生中都曾经做过一些可怕的事,或有那个念头。”


我很想分享这个真实的故事。每个人的生命都有些英雄,每个族群也有他们信仰的民族大英雄。而像 Wilma 的Mennonites,他们的英雄是Dirk Willems,他在16世纪因为信仰而被关在牢塔里,在一条绳子的帮助下,他成功逃脱牢塔,渡过塔外被冰覆盖的冰河,他成功到了河的对岸,但追逐他的狱卒却掉入冰水中。Willems 停了下来,回来拯救追兵。就因为他的大爱,他被抓了回去,虐待,被慢火活活烧死,过程中重复了无数次“主啊,我的天”。

我想我的生命并不缺乏爱,却缺乏了分享爱的能力,读到上面那句话的时候,我几乎不能置信的再看了几遍。谨此用这个故事提醒自己和看到这里的每个人,这世界上有很多处理不公平的方式,换个角度,你可能在寻求所谓公平的路上付出更多或经历更惨痛,可以放下的话就放下,可以原谅的话就原谅,可以多分享一些爱的话就多分享一些爱。

Psychology-related Terms English-Chinese Translation

A

  • abnormal psychology 变态心理学
  • abnormality 变态性
  • abstract thinking 抽象思维
  • acute schizophrenia 急性精神分裂症(思觉失调症)
  • adjustment disorder 适应障碍
  • affective disorder 情感障碍
  • age regression
  • agoraphobia 广场恐怖/恐惧
  • alalia 语言不清
  • amnesia 遗忘症
  • anorexia nervosa 神经性厌食症
  • antidepressant drug 抗抑郁药物
  • antipsychotic drug 抗精神病药物
  • antisocial personality 反社会任何
  • anxiety disorder 焦虑障碍
  • apathy 情感淡漠
  • assessment 评估
  • association 联想
  • attempted suicide 自杀未遂
  • attention deficit disorder 注意力缺失障碍
  • attention span 注意广度
  • aversion therapy 厌恶疗法
  • avoidant personality  回避型人格

B

  • behaviour therapy 行为治疗
  • behaviour modification 行为矫正
  • belief 信念
  • biofeedback 生物反馈
  • biopsychosocial medical model 生物心理社会医学模式
  • bipolar disorder 双相情感障碍/躁郁症
  • borderline personality disorder 边缘型人格障碍

C

  • central nervous system 中枢神经系统
  • chronic schizophrenia 慢性精神分裂症
  • classical conditioning 经典性条件反射
  • client-centered therapy 来访者中心疗法
  • clinical psychology 临床心理学
  • clinical test 临床测验
  • cognitive behavioural therapy 认知行为疗法
  • cognitive process 认知过程
  • collaborative empiricism 协同检验
  • compulsion 强迫行为
  • concrete thinking 具体思维
  • conditioned reflex 条件反射
  • coping 应对
  • coping mechanism 应对机制
  • counselling 心理咨询
  • counselling psychology 咨询心理学
  • counterconditioning 对抗性条件反射
  • covert behaviour 隐匿性行为

D

  • defense mechanism 防御机制
  • delusion 妄想
  • dementia 痴呆
  • denial 否定
  • dependency 依赖
  • depression 抑郁
  • deterioration 衰退
  • dichotomous thinking 绝对性思考方式
  • distress 苦恼
  • drug abuse 药物滥用
  • dyslexia 诵读困难/失读症

E

  • ego 自我
  • emotion 情绪
  • emotional response 情绪反应
  • empathy 移情(?)/同理
  • epilepsy 癫痫
  • etiology 病因学
  • eye movement 眼动

F

  • flooding 满贯法 (a type of exposure therapy)
  • functional magnetic resonance imaging 功能性磁共振成象

G

  • generalisation 概括
  • generelised anxiety disorder (GAD) 广泛性焦虑症
  • graded exposure 逐级暴露

H

  • hallucination 幻觉
  • health care 保健
  • helplessness 无助
  • high risk group 高危人群
  • hostility 敌对
  • humanistic 人本主义
  • hyperactivity 活动过度
  • hypermnesia 记忆增强
  • hyperthymia 情感高涨
  • hypnosis 催眠
  • hypnotic trance 催眠恍惚状态
  • hypnotism 催眠术
  • hypochondria 疑病症/健康焦虑 (health anxiety)
  • hypomania 轻躁狂 (hypomania < mania < hypermania)
  • hypothymia 情感减退

I

  • Id 本我
  • imagination 想象
  • individual differences 个体差异
  • information retrieval, processing, storage 信息提取、加工、储存
  • insomnia 失眠
  • interpersonal 人际
  • interview 访谈
  • isolation 隔离

J

  • jealous delusion 嫉妒妄想

K

  • kleptomania 偷窃癖

L

  • language 语言
  • latency 潜伏期

M

  • mania 躁狂症
  • masochism 受虐狂
  • melancholic temperament 抑郁质
  • memory 记忆
  • mental activity 心理活动
  • mental deterioration 精神衰退
  • mental disorder 心理(精神)障碍
  • mental health 心理健康(心理卫生)
  • mental illness 心理疾病
  • mental status 心理状态
  • mind-body relation 心身关系
  • moritatherapy 森田疗法

N

  • neurolinguistics 神经语言学
  • neurosis 神经症
  • neurotransmitter 神经传递物质
  • noctambulism  梦游症
  • normal curve 正态曲线

O

  • obsession 强迫观念/ 强迫思维
  • obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) 强迫症
  • operant conditioning 操作条件反射

P

  • panic 惊恐
  • panic attacks 惊恐发作
  • paranoid 偏执(容易引起误会的中文用字,别从字面理解)
  • paranoid psychosis 偏执型精神病
  • pedophilia 恋童癖
  • perception 知觉
  • persecutory delusion 迫害妄想
  • personality 人格
  • personality trait 人格特质
  • pharmacotherapy 药物疗法
  • phobia 恐怖症
  • physical sensation 躯体感觉
  • placebo 安慰剂
  • placebo effect 安慰剂效应
  • problem solving 问题解决
  • projection 投射
  • prosopagnosia 人面失认症 (me! Haha)
  • psychoactive drug 精神药物
  • psychodynamics 心理动力学
  • psychogenic disorder 心因性障碍
  • psychopathology 心理病理学
  • psychosocial factor 心理社会因素
  • psychosomatic diseases 心身疾病
  • psychotherapy 心理治疗

Q

  • questionnaire 问卷

R

  • Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep 快速眼动睡眠
  • rapport 和睦关系
  • rating scale 评估量表
  • reasoning 推理
  • recall 回忆
  • reflection 反映
  • regression
  • rehabilitation 康复
  • relaxation training 放松训练
  • remission 缓解
  • repression 抑制
  • resistance 阻抗
  • role-playing 角色扮演

S

  • sadism 性施虐癖
  • schema 图式
  • schizophrenia 精神分裂症(思觉失调症)
  • secondary delusion 继发性妄想
  • selective abstraction 以偏概全/选择性概括
  • self-actualisation 自我实现
  • self-defeating 自我挫败
  • self-help group 自助小组
  • self-monitoring 自我监察
  • self-regulation 自我调节
  • self-report inventory 自陈量表
  • senile psychosis 老年性精神病
  • sensation 感觉
  • sensory deprivation 感觉剥夺
  • social phobia 社交恐惧症
  • specific phobia 特殊恐惧症
  • somatisation 躯体化
  • stress 应激/压力
  • stress response 应激反应
  • stressor 应激源/压力源
  • structured interview 结构式晤谈
  • subjective unit of distress/disturbance 主观不适度/主观受困扰程度
  • suicidal ideation 自杀意念
  • suggestability 暗示性/暗示感受性
  • suggestion 暗示(催眠)
  • suppression 压抑
  • symptom 症状
  • syndrome 综合症

T

  • thinking 思维
  • token economy 标记奖励法/代币法
  • tolerance 耐受性(酒精、药物等)
  • trauma 创伤
  • treatment 治疗

V

  • validity 效度(有效程度?)
  • voyeurism 偷窥癖

W

  • withdrawal syndrome 撤药综合症

N.B. the list will be updated as it goes.

The Mind Bell

I first heard about this mind bell app when I was attending a talk by Dr Phang Cheng Kar, and installed it on my phone the next day, I’ve since been using it for about 6 weeks.

This is basically an app, which makes the sound of a bell every 15 mins (you get to adjust the intervals based on your preference, I left it by default), and generally people might do a few of mindful breathing when they hear it along the day. When you silent your phone the bell will be muted too. And you can set a schedule – when it starts and ends every day (so if it’s until 9pm, you are allowed to stop being mindful after 9pm. Haha).

We do not want to live in our brains, ruminating about the past or worrying about the future. We want to live in the present, the here and now. And that’s mindfulness, and you might notice how the bell stops some people who worry too much from doing so, by reminding them to breath mindfully and focus on the present, on what they are doing, instead of living in the brain.

I did not use the bell sound as a reminder to perform the breathing, I might just take a deep breath once, or continue to focus on what I’m doing, knowing that I’m focusing on the here and now. One thing that works quite well for me, is actually reminding me of valued living. Sometimes I might be scrolling facebook, and the mindbell showed up (when the screen is on there’s a golden ‘bowl’ showing up with the sound), I might realize that I’ve been spending enough time on FB and this really isn’t the kind of thing I want to spend much time of my life doing. And so I stopped wherever I was.

Though, most of the times, I find the bell distracting. Like when I am reading, replying to emails, running, I was concentrating enough, and it stopped me and got my attention, wanting me to be mindful(?), but it could somehow be the thing that makes me not mindful on the here and now. I believe this is because I’m quite mindful and focus as a person normally, I do not live in my brain much, or spend much time worrying unnecessarily.

However, I believe this app can be very useful for those who worry endlessly. Do try it out to see if it helps and/or suits you.

The Benson Relaxation Method

The essential factors:

  1. Repetition of a word, sound, phrase, prayer or muscular activity.
  2. Passively disregarding everyday thoughts (which inevitably come to mind) and patiently returning to your repetition.

The method summarised:

  1. Pick a focus word, short phrase, or prayer that is firmly rooted in your belief system
  2. Sit quietly in a comfortable position
  3. Close your eyes
  4. Relax your muscles, progressively from your feet to your calves, thighs, abdomen, shoulders, head and neck
  5. Relax slowly and naturally, and as you do, say your focus word, sound, phrase or prayer silently to yourself as you exhale
  6. Assume a passive attitude. Don’t worry about how well you’re doing. When other thoughts come to mind, simply say to yourself “oh well,” and gently return to your repetition.
  7. Continue for ten to twenty minutes.
  8. Do not stand immediately. Continue sitting quietly for a minute or so, allowing other thoughts to return. Then open your eyes and sit for another minute before rising
  9. Practice the technique once or twice daily. Good times to do so are before breakfast and before dinner.

You can also elicit the Relaxation Response while exercising. If you are jogging or walking, pay attention to the cadence of your feet on the ground – “left, right, left, right” – and when other thoughts come into your mind, say “Oh, well,” and return to “left, right, left, right.” Of course, keep your eyes open! Similarly, swimmers can pay attention to the tempo of their strokes, cyclists to the whir of the wheels, dancers to the beat of the music, others to the rhythm of their breathing.

(Adapted from the AHPC Training Manual by Don Robertson)