Monthly Archives: August 2020

Disease, Disorder, Syndrome, Disability, Dysfunction

A disease is a pathological condition that negatively affects the structure and/or the function of all or part of an organism, and it is not due to any immediate external injury.
Examples of diseases: Huntington disease, heart disease, cancer.

A disorder is a disruption to regular and normal bodily function and structure. The mind and body is in a state of confusion.
Examples of disorders: mental disorder (and almost all the subtypes like anxiety disorders, personality disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, mood disorders), chromosome disorder.

A syndrome is a collection of signs and symptoms associated with a specific health-related cause. This group of symptoms quite consistently occur together. A syndrome is directly defined by the set of symptoms.
Examples of syndromes: irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), Down Syndrome.

disability is any condition that makes it more difficult for a person to do certain activities or interact with the world around them. These conditions, or impairments, may be physical, sensory, mental, cognitive, developmental, intellectual, social, or a combination of those.
Examples of disabilities: vision impairment, physical disability, intellectual disability, specific learning disability. (Many diseases and disorders mentioned above can lead to disability)

A dysfunction is an abnormality or impairment in the operation of a specified bodily organ or system, it can also be a deviation from an accepted social behaviour.
Examples of dysfunctions: sexual dysfunction, cognitive dysfunction, kidney dysfunction.

An illness is an unhealthy condition of the body or the mind that lasts for a period of time. It appears to be a broader term that can include most of the above mentioned (?).
Examples of illnesses: flu, diarrhoea.

Image from Madison.com

Notice that the definitions are not clear cut, especially in Psychopathology.

“一念错,一生毁”

上星期某个晚上看了星洲日报的这篇“年轻人为钱当毒驴,一念错,一生毁”,真的觉得很痛心。

更难过的是这些年轻人可能因为一时贪心,或无知,或好玩而毁了一生,还有他们的家人也受煎熬;更甚的是幕后操纵者依然逍遥法外,却要这些年少无知赔上一生。

报道也整理出容易被毒贩挑选的人的特点:

社会边缘人
受教育程度低
身有残疾
性格善良、单纯,对人无戒心
未成年学生
单亲妈妈
独自生活,甚少与他人联系
急需钱或想赚快钱

NLP in Malaysia

I have intended to write about NLP (Neuro-Linguistic programme) since two years ago after quite a number of enquiries. But seriously, I don’t know where to start, because from day one, I believe NLP is a pseudoscience (according to Cover & Curd (1998) pseudoscience “consists of statements, beliefs, or practices that are claimed to be both scientific and factual but are incompatible with the scientific method”). And if you have followed my blog for a while, you might have noticed my very scientific and evidence-based stance.

Picture downloaded from http://www.pop.or.id/2017/08/what-is-nlp.html

The claims and assumptions in NLP mostly lack empirical support (you may read more here, there are also many other good papers studying NLP and their conclusions are quite similar). There is a lack of scientific interest in the field. But due to what they claim, it still attracts interests in people who might not care much about scientific and research evidence.

In Malaysia, I’ve met people who took course in NLP and are doing general life coaching. I also have had clients who came to me having previously coached by a NLP-based “therapist” (not sure what they call themselves). And this NLP is so popular in the business and corporate world. I suppose when people practice safely understanding their sphere of competency and professional ethical issues, they are helping people and not causing harms – as long as they aren’t claiming that they can be alternative medicine treating cancers or Parkinson’s disease, giving people false hopes.

For the general public, I’d say it depends on your stance. Sometimes I get clients who come to me who specifically want to be treated with CBT because of how much empirical support there is for CBT. On other times, people just approach me knowing I practice hypnotherapy, and want their bad memories being erased in hypnosis. It’s often good to read a bit more about the therapists and the approaches they practice, even better if you speak to them first before making any decision.

Every now and then, there is “new” psychotherapy or pseudotherapy in the markets (not in the field), that has no empirical support.

Would you just pop some pills that has no clinical trials run into your mouth every day?

Please don’t get defensive. Your first reaction might be “of course not!” But there is no right or wrong here. Like I said, it depends on your stance. The thing is, we all have probably done that, especially for those of us who come from more traditional Asian families. But, we can change that.

If given a choice, would you choose a treatment that has robust scientific and research evidence?

Picture taken from https://www.answers-in-reason.com/science/the-problem-with-pseudoscience/